Particularities of Fungicides and Factors Affecting Their Fate and Removal Efficacy: A Review

Systemic fungicide use has increased over the last decades, despite susceptibility of resistance development and side effects to human health environment. Although herbicides insecticides are detected more frequently in environmental samples, there many fungicides that have ability enter water bodies due their physicochemical properties increasing use. Key factors affecting fate environment been discussed, including non-target fungicides. For instance, associated with steep decline bumblebee populations. Secondary actions certain on plants also reported recently. In addition, alternative eco-friendly disease management approaches described. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) comprise an environmentally friendly, low cost, efficient remediation technique. Fungicide removal within CWs is dependent plant uptake metabolism, absorption porous media soil, hydrolysis, photodegradation, biodegradation. Factors related efficacy fungicides, such as type CW, species, parameters discussed this paper. There low-environmental-risk phytohormones other compounds, which could improve performance CW vegetation. specific multiple modes action substrate microbial communities endophytes, physiological response were studied. Prospects challenges for future research suggested under prism reducing risk enhancing performance.